Japanese phonology

This page uses JSL romanization and is adapted from the introductory chapter of Eleanor Harz Jorden and Mari Noda's Japanese: The Spoken Language.

I abuse the IPA downstep symbol [ꜜ] to mark accented morae in IPA transcription.

Practice audio (0:54 →)

Last updated: 2024-04-23

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Double-check accents.

The Japanese morae
Row 1 (-a, -i, -u, -e, -o)
- Practice 0
- Practice 1
Row 2 (k-)
- Practice 2
Row 3 (g-)
- Practice 3
Row 4 (ḡ-)
- Practice 4
Row 5 (s-)
- Practice 5
Row 6 (z-)
- Practice 6
Row 7 (t-)
- Practice 7
Row 8 (d-)
- Practice 8
Row 9 (n-)
- Practice 9
Row 10 (h-)
- Practice 10
Row 11 (p-)
- Practice 11
Row 12 (b-)
- Practice 12
Row 13 (m-)
- Practice 13
Row 14 (y-)
- Practice 14
Row 15 (r-)
- Practice 15
Row 16 (w-)
- Practice 16
Row 17a (k, s, t, p)
- Practice 17a
Row 17b (n̄)
- Practice 17b
Devoicing
- Practice 18
- Practice 19
- Practice 20
Supplementary drills
- Vowel combinations
- Short and long vowels
- Short and long consonants
- /su, tu/ contrast
- /d-, r-/ contrast
- /n-, ḡ-, n̄, n̄ḡ-/ contrast
- Even-rhythm practice
- Accent contrasts
- Intonation contrasts
Further reading

The Japanese morae

	-a	-i	-u	-e	-o	-ya	-yu	-yo
∅-	あ　ア /a/ [a]	い　イ /i/ [i]	う　ウ /u/ [ɯ̟ᵝ]	え　エ /e/ [e̞]	お　オ /o/ [o̞]
k-	か　カ /ka/ [ka]	き　キ /ki/ [kʲi]	く　ク /ku/ [kɯ̟ᵝ]	け　ケ /ke/ [ke̞]	こ　コ /ko/ [ko̞]	きゃ　キャ /kya/ [kʲa]	きゅ　キュ /kyu/ [kʲɨ]	きょ　キョ /kyo/ [kʲo̞]
g-	が　ガ /ga/ [ga]	ぎ　ギ /gi/ [gʲi]	ぐ　グ /gu/ [gɯ̟ᵝ]	げ　ゲ /ge/ [ge̞]	ご　ゴ /go/ [go̞]	ぎゃ　ギャ /gya/ [gʲa]	ぎゅ　ギャ /gyu/ [gʲɨ]	ぎょ　ギョ /gyo/ [gʲo̞]
ḡ-	か゚　カ゚ /ḡa/ [ŋa]	き゚　キ゚ /ḡi/ [ŋʲi]	く゚　ク゚ /ḡu/ [ŋɯ̟ᵝ]	け゚　ケ゚ /ḡe/ [ŋe̞]	こ゚　コ゚ /ḡo/ [ŋo̞]	き゚ゃ　キ゚ャ /ḡya/ [ŋʲa]	き゚ゅ　キ゚ュ /ḡyu/ [ŋʲɨ]	き゚ょ　キ゚ョ /ḡyo/ [ŋʲo̞]
s-	さ　サ /sa/ [sa]	し　シ /si/ [ɕi]	す　ス /su/ [sɨ]	せ　セ /se/ [se̞]	そ　ソ /so/ [so̞]	しゃ　シャ /sya/ [ɕa]	しゅ　シュ /syu/ [ɕɨ]	しょ　ショ /syo/ [ɕo̞]
z-	ざ　ザ /za/ [d͡za] [za]	じ　ジ /zi/ [d͡ʑi] [ʑi]	ず　ズ /zu/ [d͡zɨ] [zɨ]	ぜ　ゼ /ze/ [d͡ze̞] [ze̞]	ぞ　ゾ /zo/ [d͡zo̞] [zo̞]	じゃ　ジャ /zya/ [d͡ʑa] [ʑa]	じゅ　ジュ /zyu/ [d͡ʑɨ] [ʑɨ]	じょ　ジョ /zyo/ [d͡ʑo̞] [ʑo̞]
t-	た　タ /ta/ [ta]	ち　チ /ti/ [t͡ɕi]	つ　ツ /tu/ [t͡sɨ]	て　テ /te/ [te̞]	と　ト /to/ [to̞]	ちゃ　チャ /tya/ [t͡ɕa]	ちゅ　チュ /tyu/ [t͡ɕɨ]	ちょ　チョ /tyo/ [t͡ɕo̞]
d-	だ　ダ /da/ [da]			で　デ /de/ [de̞]	ど　ド /do/ [do̞]
n-	な　ナ /na/ [na]	に　ニ /ni/ [ɲ̟i]	ぬ　ヌ /nu/ [nɯ̟ᵝ]	ね　ネ /ne/ [ne̞]	の　ノ /no/ [no̞]	にゃ　ニャ /nya/ [ɲ̟a]	にゅ　ニュ /nyu/ [ɲ̟ɨ]	にょ　ニョ /nyo/ [ɲ̟o̞]
h-	は　ハ /ha/ [ha]	ひ　ヒ /hi/ [çi]	ふ　フ /hu/ [ɸɯ̟ᵝ]	へ　ヘ /he/ [he̞]	ほ　ホ /ho/ [ho̞]	ひゃ　ヒャ /hya/ [ça]	ひゅ　ヒュ /hyu/ [çɨ]	ひょ　ヒョ /hyo/ [ço̞]
p-	ぱ　パ /pa/ [pa]	ぴ　ピ /pi/ [pʲi]	ぷ　プ /pu/ [pɯ̟ᵝ]	ぺ　ペ /pe/ [pe̞]	ぽ　ポ /po/ [o̞]	ピャ　ピャ /pya/ [pʲa]	ピュ　ピュ /pyu/ [pʲɨ]	ぴょ　ピョ /pyo/ [pʲo̞]
b-	ば　バ /ba/ [ba]	び　ビ /bi/ [bʲi]	ぶ　ブ /bu/ [bɯ̟ᵝ]	べ　ベ /be/ [be̞]	ぼ　ボ /bo/ [bo̞]	びゃ　ビャ /bya/ [bʲa]	びゅ　ビュ /byu/ [bʲɨ]	びょ　ビョ /byo/ [bʲo̞]
m-	ま　マ /ma/ [ma]	み　ミ /mi/ [mʲi]	む　ム /mu/ [mɯ̟ᵝ]	め　メ /me/ [me̞]	も　モ /mo/ [mo̞]	みゃ　ミャ /mya/ [mʲa]	みゅ　ミュ /myu/ [mʲɨ]	みょ　ミョ /myo/ [mʲo̞]
y-	や　ヤ /ya/ [ja]		ゆ　ユ /yu/ [jɯ̟ᵝ]		よ　ヨ /yo/ [jo̞]
r-	ら　ラ /ra/ [ɾa]	り　リ /ri/ [ɾʲi]	る　ル /ru/ [ɾɯ̟ᵝ]	れ　レ /re/ [ɾe̞]	ろ　ロ /ro/ [ɾo̞]	りゃ　リャ /rya/ [ɾʲa]	りゅ　リュ /ryu/ [ɾʲɨ]	りょ　リョ /ryo/ [ɾʲo̞]
w-	わ　ワ /wa/ [β̞]
	っ　ッ				ん　ン /n̄/ [n] [n̺] [ɲ̟] [ŋ] [ŋʲ] [m] [ɰ̃] [ɴ]
	/k/ [k]	/s/ [s]	/t/ [t]	/p/ [p]	ん　ン /n̄/ [n] [n̺] [ɲ̟] [ŋ] [ŋʲ] [m] [ɰ̃] [ɴ]

A few remarks:

/-u/ has two pronunciations, [ɯ̟ᵝ] and [ɨ], whereas /-a, -i, -e, -o/ are always pronounced the same.
Consonants before /-i, -y-/ are pronounced differently than before /-a, -u, -e, -o/.
The consonants in /tu, hu/ have unique pronunciations [t͡s] and [ɸ].
The pronunciation of /z-/ depends on what precedes it.
The pronunciation of /n̄/ depends on what follows it.

Row 1 (-a, -i, -u, -e, -o)

/-a/ is an open central unrounded vowel [a̠].
/-i/ is a close front unrounded vowel [i].
After /∅-, k-, g-, ḡ-, n-, h-, p-, b-, m-, y-, r-/:
- /-u/ is a close near-back compressed vowel [ɯ̟ᵝ].
After /s-, z-, t-, -y-/:
- /-u/ is a close central unrounded vowel [ɨ].
/-e/ is a mid front unrounded vowel [e̞].
/-o/ is a mid back rounded vowel [o̞].

[ː] marks a long vowel.

Practice 0

Kana	JSL	IPA
あ	a	[a]
い	i	[i]
う	u	[ɯᵝ]
え	e	[e]
お	o	[o]

Practice 1

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
あ	あ￣	a	[a]	oh!
嗚呼	あ＼あ	âa	[aꜜː]	oh!
愛	あ＼い	âi	[aꜜi]	love
合う	あ＼う	âu	[aꜜɯᵝ]	meet
青	あ＼お	âo	[aꜜo]	blue
良い	い＼い	îi	[iꜜː]	is good
家	いえ＼	iê	[ieꜜ]	house
いいえ	いいえ￣	iie	[iːe]	no
上	うえ￣	ue	[ɯᵝe]	up
甥	おい￣	oi	[oi]	nephew
多い	おお＼い	oôi	[oːꜜi]	are many
青い	あお＼い	aôi	[aoꜜi]	is blue
絵	え＼	ê	[eꜜ]	picture
ええ	え＼え	êe	[eꜜː]	yes
負う	おう￣	ou	[oɯᵝ]	owe
覆う	おおう￣	oou	[oːɯᵝ]	conceal

Row 2 (k-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /k-/ is a voiceless velar plosive [k].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /k-/ is a palatized voiceless velar plosive [kʲ].

/k-/ is slightly aspirated.

Practice 2

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
買う	かう￣	kau	[kaɯᵝ]	buy
顔	かお￣	kao	[kao]	face
池	いけ＼	ikê	[ikeꜜ]	pond
此処	ここ￣	koko	[koko]	here
赤い	あかい￣	akai	[akai]	is red
大きい	おおき＼い	oókìi	[oːkʲiꜜː]	is big
稽古	け＼いこ	kêeko	[keꜜːko]	practice
空港	くうこう￣	kuukoo	[kɯᵝːkoː]	airport
会計	かいけい￣	kaikee	[kaikeː]	account
きゃあ	きゃ＼あ	kyâa	[kʲaꜜː]	eek!
今日	きょ＼う	kyôo	[kʲoꜜː]	today
級	きゅ＼う	kyûu	[kʲɨꜜː]	grade

Row 3 (g-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /g-/ is a voiced velar plosive [g].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /g-/ is a palatized voiced velar plosive [gʲ].

Practice 3

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
害	が＼い	gâi	[gaꜜi]	injury
芸	げ＼い	gêe	[geꜜː]	craft
語彙	ご＼い	gôi	[goꜜi]	vocabulary
義兄	ぎけい￣	gikee	[gʲikeː]	brother-in-law
技巧	ぎこう￣	gikoo	[gʲikoː]	art
議会	ぎ＼かい	gîkai	[gʲiꜜkai]	the Diet
誤解	ごかい￣	gokai	[gokai]	misunderstanding
寓意	ぐうい￣	guui	[gɯᵝːi]	a moral
愚兄	ぐ＼けい	gûkee	[gɯᵝꜜkeː]	my elder brother
逆意	ぎゃ＼くい	gyâkui	[gʲaꜜkɯᵝi]	traitorous mind
僥倖	ぎょうこう￣	gyookoo	[gʲoːkoː]	good fortune
牛	ぎゅ＼う	gyûu	[gʲɨꜜː]	beef

Row 4 (ḡ-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /ḡ-/ is a voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /ḡ-/ is a palatized voiced velar nasal [ŋʲ].

[◌̥] marks a devoiced vowel.

Practice 4

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
映画	え＼いか゚	êeḡa	[eꜜːŋa]	movie
如何	いか＼か゚	ikâḡa	[ikaꜜŋa]	how?
家具	か＼く゚	kâḡu	[kaꜜŋɯᵝ]	furniture
仰く゚	あお＼く゚	aôḡu	[aoꜜŋɯᵝ]	look up
影	か＼け゚	kâḡe	[kaꜜŋe]	shadow
午後	ご＼こ゚	gôḡo	[goꜜŋo]	afternoon
口語	こうこ゚￣	kooḡo	[koːŋo]	spoken language
釘	くき゚￣	kuḡi	[kɯᵝŋʲi]	nail
会議	か＼いき゚	kâiḡi	[kaꜜiŋʲi]	conference
諧謔	かいき゚ゃく￣	kaiḡyaku	[kaiŋʲakɯ̥ᵝ]	a jest
海牛	かいき゚ゅう￣	kaiḡyuu	[kaiŋʲɨː]	sea-cow
工業	こ＼うき゚ょう	kôoḡyoo	[koꜜːŋʲoː]	industry

Row 5 (s-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /s-/ is a voiceless alveolar fricative [s].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /s-/ is a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative [ɕ].

Practice 5

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
朝	あ＼さ	âsa	[aꜜsa]	morning
明日	あす＼	asû	[asɨꜜ]	tomorrow
汗	あ＼せ	âse	[aꜜse]	perspiration
足	あし＼	asî	[aɕiꜜ]	leg
彼処	あそこ￣	asoko	[asoko]	there
お酒	おさけ￣	osake	[osake]	rice wine
直く゚	す＼く゚	sûḡu	[sɨꜜŋɯᵝ]	right away
香水	こうすい￣	koosui	[koːsɨi]	perfume
美味しい	おいしい￣	oisii	[oiɕiː]	is delicious
可笑しい	おかし＼い	okásìi	[okaɕiꜜː]	is funny
社会	しゃ＼かい	syâkai	[ɕaꜜkai]	society
歯医者	は＼いしゃ	hâisya	[haꜜiɕa]	dentist
九州	きゅ＼うしゅう	kyûusyuu	[kʲɨꜜːɕɨː]	Kyūshū
車掌	しゃしょう￣	syasyoo	[ɕaɕoː]	conductor
愁傷	しゅうしょう￣	syuusyoo	[ɕɨːɕoː]	grief

Row 6 (z-)

If /z-/ starts an utterance or is after /n̄/:
- Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
  - /z-/ is a voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z].
- Before /-i, -y-/:
  - /z-/ is a voiced alveolo-palatal affricate [d͡ʑ].
If /z-/ does not start an utterance and is not after /n̄/:
- Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
  - /z-/ is a voiced alveolar fricative [z].
- Before /-i, -y-/:
  - /z-/ is a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ].

Practice 6

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
在荷	ざいか￣	zaika	[d͡zaika]	inventory
数	か＼ず	kâzu	[kaꜜzɨ]	number
傷	きず￣	kizu	[kʲizɨ]	a cut
税	ぜ＼い	zêe	[d͡zeꜜː]	a tax
象	ぞ＼う	zôo	[d͡zoꜜː]	elephant
五時	ご＼じ	gôzi	[goꜜʑi]	five o'clock
火事	か＼じ	kâzi	[kaꜜʑi]	a fire
自衛	じえい￣	ziee	[d͡ʑieː]	self-defense
じゃあ	じゃ＼あ	zyâa	[d͡ʑaꜜː]	well then
麝香	じゃこう￣	zyakoo	[d͡ʑakoː]	musk
十	じゅ＼う	zyûu	[d͡ʑɨꜜː]	ten
果樹	か＼じゅ	kâzyu	[kaꜜʑɨ]	fruit tree
情	じょう￣	zyoo	[d͡ʑoː]	feeling
女性	じょせい￣	zyosee	[d͡ʑoseː]	woman
工場	こうじょ＼う	koózyòo	[koːʑoꜜː]	factory

Row 7 (t-)

Before /-a, -e, -o/:
- /t-/ is a voiceless denti-alveolar plosive [t].
- /t-/ is slightly aspirated.
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /t-/ is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ].
Before /-u/:
- /t-/ is a voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s].

Practice 7

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
方	かた＼	katâ	[kataꜜ]	person
高い	たか＼い	takâi	[takaꜜi]	is high
聴いて	きいて￣	kiite	[kʲiːte]	listening
十日	とおか￣	tooka	[toːka]	ten days
仕事	しこ゚と￣	shiḡôto	[ɕiŋoto]	work
地図	ち＼ず	tîzu	[t͡ɕiꜜzɨ]	map
小さい	ちいさ＼い	tiísài	[t͡ɕiːsaꜜi]	is small
お茶	おちゃ￣	otya	[ot͡ɕa]	tea
紅茶	こうちゃ￣	kootya	[koːt͡ɕa]	black tea
注意	ちゅ＼うい	tyûui	[t͡ɕɨꜜːi]	warning
お仕事中	おしこ゚とちゅう￣	osiḡototyuu	[oɕiŋotot͡ɕɨː]	in the middle of work
校長	こうちょう￣	kootyoo	[koːt͡ɕoː]	director
長命	ちょ＼うめい	tyôomee	[t͡ɕoꜜːmeː]	long life
就いて	つ＼いて	tûite	[t͡sɨꜜite]	concerning
続き	つづき￣	tuzuki	[t͡sɨzɨkʲi]	continuation

Row 8 (d-)

/d-/ is a voiced denti-alveolar plosive [d].

Practice 8

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
枝	えだ￣	eda	[eda]	branch
岡田	おかだ￣	okada	[okada]	(family name)
下ださい	くださ＼い	kudásài	[kɯᵝdasaꜜi]	give me
出て	で＼て	dête	[deꜜte]	leaving
急いで	いそ＼いで	isôide	[isoꜜide]	hurrying
出来事	でき＼こ゚と	dekîḡoto	[dekʲiꜜŋoto]	occurrence
角	か＼ど	kâdo	[kaꜜdo]	street corner
何処	ど＼こ	dôko	[doꜜko]	where?
道具	どうく゚＼	doóḡù	[doːŋɯᵝꜜ]	tool

Row 9 (n-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /n-/ is a laminal voiced denti-alveolar nasal [n].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /n-/ is a voiced alveolo-palatal nasal [ɲ̟].

Practice 9

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
中	な＼か	nâka	[naꜜka]	inside
絹	き＼ぬ	kînu	[kʲiꜜnɯᵝ]	silk
手拭い	てぬく゚い￣	tenuḡui	[tenɯᵝŋɯᵝi]	towel
猫	ね＼こ	nêko	[neꜜko]	cat
お金	おかね￣	okane	[okane]	money
其の	その￣	sono	[sono]	that
何	な＼に	nâni	[naꜜɲi]	what?
二階	にかい￣	nikai	[ɲikai]	second floor
にゃお	にゃ＼お	nyâo	[ɲaꜜo]	meow
牛乳	ぎゅうにゅう￣	gyuunyuu	[gʲɨːɲɨː]	milk
入場	にゅうじょう￣	nyuuzyoo	[ɲɨːʑoː]	entrance
女御	にょ＼うこ゚	nyôoḡo	[ɲoꜜːŋo]	court lady

Row 10 (h-)

Before /-a, -e, -o/:
- /h-/ is a voiceless glottal fricative [h].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /h-/ is a voiceless palatal fricative [ç].
Before /-u/:
- /h-/ is a voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ].

Practice 10

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
はい	は＼い	hâi	[haꜜi]	yes
母	は＼は	hâha	[haꜜha]	mother
塀	へい￣	hee	[heː]	wall
方	ほ＼う	hôo	[hoꜜː]	direction
髭	ひけ゚￣	hiḡe	[çiŋe]	beard
珈琲	コーヒ＼ー	koóhìi	[koːçꜜiː]	coffee
ヒューズ	ヒューズ￣	hyûuzu	[çɨꜜːzɨ]	fuse
百度	ひゃくど＼	hyákudò	[çakɯᵝdoꜜ]	100 times
雹	ひょ＼う	hyôo	[çoꜜː]	hail
風	ふ＼う	hûu	[ɸɯᵝꜜː]	manner
船	ふ＼ね	hûne	[ɸɯᵝꜜne]	boat
富士	ふ＼じ	hûzi	[ɸɯᵝꜜʑi]	Fuji

Row 11 (p-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /p-/ is a voiceless bilabial plosive [p].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /p-/ is a palatized voiceless bilabial plosive [pʲ].

/p-/ is slightly aspirated.

Practice 11

Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
パ＼ージ	pâazi	[paꜜːʑi]	purge
アパ＼ート	apâato	[apaꜜːto]	apartment
デパ＼ート	depâato	[depaꜜːto]	department store
プ＼ープー	pûupuu	[pɯᵝꜜːpɯᵝː]	(noise of a horn)
ページ￣	peezi	[peːʑi]	page
ポ＼カポカ	pôkapoka	[poꜜkapoka]	repeatedly
ポ＼ーズ	pôozu	[poꜜːzɨ]	a pause
ピュ＼ーピュー	pyûupyuu	[pʲɨꜜːpʲɨː]	(noise of a whistle)
ピアノ￣	piano	[pʲiano]	piano

Row 12 (b-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /b-/ is a voiced bilabial plosive [b].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /b-/ is a palatized voiced bilabial plosive [bʲ].

Practice 12

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
バター	バ＼ター	bâtaa	[baꜜtaː]	butter
煙草	タバコ￣	tabako	[tabako]	cigarette
遊ぶ	あそぶ￣	asobu	[asobɯᵝ]	play
危ない	あぶない￣	abunai	[abɯᵝnai]	is dangerous
壁	かべ￣	kabe	[kabe]	wall
棒	ぼう￣	boo	[boː]	stick
覚えて	おぼ＼えて	obôete	[oboꜜete]	remembering
海老	えび￣	ebi	[ebʲi]	shrimp
寂しい	さびし＼い	sabísìi	[sabʲiɕiꜜː]	is lonely
白衣	びゃ＼くえ	byâkue	[bʲaꜜkɯᵝe]	white robe
ビュービュー	ビュ＼ービュー	byûubyuu	[bʲɨꜜːbʲɨː]	(noise of wind)
屏風	びょうぶ￣	byoobu	[bʲoːbɯᵝ]	screen

Row 13 (m-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /m-/ is a voiced bilabial nasal [m].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /m-/ is a palatized voiced bilabial nasal [mʲ].

Practice 13

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
前	ま＼え	mâe	[maꜜe]	front
又	また＼	matâ	[mataꜜ]	again
飲む	の＼む	nômu	[noꜜmɯᵝ]	drink
向こう	むこう￣	mukoo	[mɯᵝkoː]	over there
娘	むすめ＼	músumè	[mɯᵝsɨmeꜜ]	daughter
明治	め＼いじ	mêezi	[meꜜːʑi]	Meiji
何時も	い＼つも	îtumo	[iꜜt͡sɨmo]	always
見せて	み＼せて	mîsete	[mʲiꜜsete]	showing
興味	きょ＼うみ	kyôomi	[kʲoꜜːmʲi]	interest
脈動	みゃくどう￣	myakudoo	[mʲakɯᵝdoː]	pulse
ミューズ	ミュ＼ーズ	myûuzu	[mʲɨꜜːzɨ]	muse
功名	こうみょう￣	koomyoo	[koːmʲoː]	great deed

Row 14 (y-)

/y-/ is a voiced palatal approximant [j].

Practice 14

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
八百屋	やおや￣	yaoya	[jaoja]	vegetable store
名古屋	なこ゚＼や	nâḡoya	[naꜜŋoja]	Nagoya
お休みなさい	おやすみなさ＼い	oyásuminasài	[ojasɨmʲinasaꜜi]	good night
お湯	おゆ￣	oyu	[ojɯᵝ]	hot water
雪夜	ゆき＼よ	yukîyo	[jɯᵝkiꜜjo]	snowy night
有名	ゆうめい￣	yuumee	[jɯᵝːmeː]	famous
吉田	よしだ￣	yosida	[joɕida]	(family name)
左様	さよう￣	sayoo	[sajoː]	that way
お早う	おはよう￣	ohayoo	[ohajoː]	good morning

Row 15 (r-)

Before /-a, -u, -e, -o/:
- /r-/ is a voiced alveolar tap [ɾ].
Before /-i, -y-/:
- /r-/ is a palatized voiced alveolar tap [ɾʲ].

Practice 15

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
楽	らく＼	raku	[ɾakɯᵝꜜ]	comfort
さよなら	さよなら＼	sayónarà	[sajonaɾaꜜ]	farewell
ビル	ビ＼ル	bîru	[bʲiꜜɾɯᵝ]	building
ルール	ル＼ール	rûuru	[ɾɯᵝꜜːɾɯᵝ]	rule
綺麗	き＼れい	kîree	[kʲiꜜɾeː]	pretty
お風呂	おふ＼ろ	ohûro	[oɸɯᵝꜜɾo]	bath
面白い	おもしろ＼い	omósiròi	[omoɕiɾoꜜi]	is interesting
利口	りこう￣	rikoo	[ɾʲikoː]	clever
氷	こおり￣	koori	[koːɾʲi]	ice
有り難う	あり＼か゚とう	arîḡatoo	[aɾʲiꜜŋatoː]	thank you
略字	りゃくじ￣	ryakuzi	[ɾʲakɯᵝʑi]	simplified character
海流	かいりゅう￣	kairyuu	[kaiɾʲɨː]	ocean current
流行	りゅうこう＼	ryuúkoò	[ɾʲɨːkoːꜜ]	fashion
領事	りょ＼うじ	ryôozi	[ɾʲoꜜːʑi]	consul
料理屋	りょうり＼や	ryoórìya	[ɾʲoːɾʲiꜜja]	restaurant

Row 16 (w-)

/w-/ is a voiced bilabial approximant [β̞].

Practice 16

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
若い	わか＼い	wakâi	[βakaꜜi]	is young
平和	へいわ￣	heewa	[heːβa]	peace
分かる	わか＼る	wakâru	[βakaꜜɾɯᵝ]	understand
指輪	ゆびわ￣	yubiwa	[jɯᵝbʲiβa]	ring
我々	われわれ￣	wareware	[βaɾeβaɾe]	we
忘れる	わすれる￣	wasureru	[βasɨɾeɾɯᵝ]	forget

Row 17a (k, s, t, p)

Practice 17a

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
三日	みっか￣	mikka	[mʲikka]	three days
ゆっくり	ゆっく＼り	yuḱkùri	[jɯᵝkkɯᵝꜜɾʲi]	slowly
日光	に＼っこう	nîkkoo	[ɲi̥ꜜkkoː]	Nikkō
はっきり	はっき＼り	haḱkìri	[hakkʲiꜜɾʲi]	clearly
説教	せっきょ＼う	seḱkyòo	[sekkʲoꜜː]	sermon
薄給	はっきゅう￣	hakkyuu	[hakkʲɨː]	small salary
買った	かった￣	katta	[katta]	bought
行って	いって￣	itte	[itte]	going
一寸	ちょ＼っと	tyôtto	[t͡ɕoꜜtto]	a bit
マッチ箱	まっち＼ばこ	mat́tìbako	[matt͡ɕiꜜbako]	matchbox
困っちゃった	こま＼っちゃった	komâttyatta	[komaꜜtt͡ɕatta]	[I]'m upset
四つ目	よっつめ＼	yot́tumè	[jott͡sɨmeꜜ]	fourth thing
あっさり	あっさ＼り	aśsàri	[assaꜜɾʲi]	briefly
真っ直く゚	まっす＼く゚	maśsùḡu	[massɨꜜŋɯᵝ]	straight
一層	いっそう＼	iśsoò	[issoːꜜ]	more
雑誌	ざっし￣	zassi	[d͡zasɕi]	magazine
真っ白	まっし＼ろ	maśsìro	[masɕiꜜɾo]	all white
一周	いっしゅう￣	issyuu	[isɕɨː]	one round
一杯	いっぱい￣	ippai	[ippai]	full
一風	いっぷう￣	ippuu	[ippɯᵝː]	somewhat
立法	りっぽう￣	rippoo	[ɾʲippoː]	legislation
法被	はっぴ￣	happi	[happʲi]	workman's coat
八百匁	はっぴゃくめ＼	haṕpyakumè	[happʲakɯᵝmeꜜ]	800 momme
発表	はっぴょう￣	happyoo	[happʲoː]	announcement

Row 17b (n̄)

Except for rules 3, 7, and 8, you know these sounds already:

Before /p-, b-, m-/:
- /n̄/ is a voiced bilabial nasal [m].
Before /za, zu, ze, zo/, /ta, te, tu, to/, /d-/, and /na, nu, ne, no/:
- /n̄/ is a laminal voiced denti-alveolar nasal [n].
Before /r-/:
- /n̄/ is an apical voiced denti-alveolar nasal [n̺].
Before /zi, zy-/, /ti, ty-/, and /ni, ny-/:
- /n̄/ is a voiced alveolo-palatal nasal [ɲ̟].
Before /ka, ku, ke, ko/, /ga, gu, ge, go/, and /ḡa, ḡu, ḡe, ḡo/:
- /n̄/ is a voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
Before /ki, ky-/, /gi, gy-/, and /ḡi, ḡy-/:
- /n̄/ is a palatized voiced velar nasal [ŋʲ].
Before a vowel or /s-, h-, y-, w-/:
- /n̄/ is full-mora nasalization [ɰ̃].
At the end of an utterance:
- /n̄/ is a voiced uvular nasal [ɴ].

(At the end of an utterance, is /n̄/ only [ɴ] after /-a, -o/ and full-mora nasalization otherwise [or after /-i, -e/]?)

Alternatively:

Rule 1 corresponds to rule 1 in the textbook:
- Before /p-, b-, m-/, /n̄/ is /m/.
Rules 2, 3, and 4 correspond to rule 2 in the textbook:
- Before /z-, t-, d-, n-, r-/, /n̄/ is /n/.
Rules 5 and 6 correspond to rule 3 in the textbook:
- Before /k-, g-, ḡ-/, /n̄/ is /ḡ/.
Rules 7 and 8 correspond to rule 4 in the textbook:
- Before a vowel, /s-, h-, y-, w-/, or at the end of an utterance, /n̄/ is full-mora nasalization.

Vowels before /n̄/ are nasal [◌̃].

[.] marks a syllable break.

Practice 17b

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
散歩	さんポ￣	san̄po	[sãmpo]	a walk
三杯	さ＼んばい	sân̄bai	[sãꜜmbai]	three cupfuls
余り	あんまり＼	an̄́marì	[ãmmaɾʲiꜜ]	too much
便所	べんじょ＼	ben̄́zyò	[bẽɲd͡ʑoꜜ]	toilet
見当	けんと＼う	ken̄́tòo	[kẽntoꜜː]	a guess
今度	こ＼んど	kôn̄do	[kõꜜndo]	this time
旦那様	だんなさ＼ま	dan̄́nasàma	[dãnnasaꜜma]	master
便利	べ＼んり	bên̄ri	[bẽꜜn̺ɾʲi]	convenient
勉強	べんきょう￣	ben̄kyoo	[bẽŋʲkʲoː]	study
日本銀行	にほんぎ＼んこう	nihôn̄gin̄koo	[nʲihõŋʲgʲĩꜜŋkoː]	Bank of Japan
日本語	にほんこ゚￣	nihon̄ḡo	[nʲihõŋŋo]	Japanese language
店員	てんいん￣	ten̄in̄	[tẽɰ̃ĩɴ]	store clerk
日本を	にほ＼んを	nihôn̄ o	[nʲihõꜜɴ.o]	Japan (as direct object)
日本へ	にほ＼んへ	nihôn̄ e	[nʲihõꜜɴ.e]	to Japan
賛成	さんせい￣	san̄see	[sãɰ̃seː]	approval
半々	は＼んはん	hân̄han̄	[hãꜜɰ̃hãɴ]	half and half
本屋	ほ＼んや	hôn̄ya	[hõꜜɰ̃ja]	bookstore
電話	でんわ＼	den̄wa	[dẽɰ̃βa]	telephone
有りません	ありませ＼ん	arímasèn̄	[aɾʲimasẽꜜɴ]	there isn't any

Devoicing

Practice 18

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
汽車	きしゃ＼	kisyâ	[kʲi̥ɕaꜜ]	train
来て	きて＼	kitê	[kʲi̥te]	coming
切手	きって￣	kitte	[kʲi̥tte]	stamp
嚏	くしゃ＼み	kusyâmi	[kɯ̥ᵝɕaꜜmʲi]	sneeze
無くて	な＼くて	nâkute	[naꜜkɯ̥ᵝte]	not being any
為て	して￣	site	[ɕi̥te]	doing
知って	しって￣	sitte	[ɕi̥tte]	knowing
スキー	スキ＼ー	sukîi	[sɨ̥kʲiꜜː]	skiing
進む	すすむ￣	susumu	[sɨ̥sɨmɯᵝ]	advance
捨てる	すてる￣	suteru	[sɨ̥teɾɯᵝ]	throw away
為すって	なす＼って	nasûtte	[nasɨ̥ꜜtte]	doing
近い	ちか＼い	tikâi	[t͡ɕi̥kaꜜi]	is close
些とも	ちっと＼も	tit́tò mo	[t͡ɕi̥ttoꜜmo]	[not] a bit
着きました	つきま＼した	tukímàsita	[t͡sɨ̥kʲimaꜜɕi̥ta]	[I] arrived
勤めて	つと＼めて	tutômete	[t͡sɨ̥toꜜmete]	being employed
引きました	ひきま＼した	hikímàsita	[çi̥kʲimaꜜɕi̥ta]	[I] pulled
秘書	ひしょ＼	hisyô	[çi̥ɕoꜜ]	secretary
人	ひと￣	hito	[çi̥to]	person
引っ張る	ひっぱ＼る	hiṕpàru	[çi̥ppaꜜɾɯᵝ]	pull
深い	ふか＼い	hukâi	[ɸɯ̥ᵝkaꜜi]	is deep
不思議	ふしき゚￣	husiḡi	[ɸɯ̥ᵝɕiŋi]	strange
太い	ふと＼い	hutôi	[ɸɯ̥ᵝtoꜜi]	is big around
フットボール	フットボ＼ール	hut́tobòoru	[ɸɯ̥ᵝttoboꜜːɾɯᵝ]	football
批判	ひはん￣	hihan̄	[çi̥hãɴ]	criticism

Practice 19

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
何方か	ど＼っちか	dôtti ka	[doꜜtt͡ɕi̥ka]	either one
ですから	で＼すから	dêsu kara	[deꜜsɨ̥kaɾa]	therefore
何時から	い＼つから	îtu kara	[iꜜt͡ɕɨ̥kaɾa]	since when?
飛行機と	ひこ＼うきと	hikôoki to	[çi̥koꜜːkʲi̥to]	with an airplane?
何方か゚	ど＼っちか゚	dôtti ḡa	[doꜜtt͡ɕiŋa]	which one (as subject)?
ですか゚	で＼すか゚	dêsu ḡa	[deꜜsɨŋa]	however
何時まで	い＼つまで	îtu made	[iꜜt͡ɕɨmade]	until when?
飛行機の	ひこ＼うきの	hikôoki no	[çi̥koꜜːkʲino]	of an airplane

Practice 20

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
一つ	ひと＼つ	hitôtu	[çi̥toꜜt͡sɨ̥]	one unit
一つ	ひと＼つ	hitôtu	[çi̥toꜜt͡sɨ]	one unit
然うです	そ＼うです	sôo desu	[soꜜː desɨ̥]	that's right
然うです	そ＼うです	sôo desu	[soꜜː desɨ]	that's right
お早う御座います	おはよう￣　ございま＼す	oháyoo gozaimàsu	[ohajoː gozaimaꜜsɨ̥]	good morning
お早う御座います	おはよう￣　ございま＼す	oháyoo gozaimàsu	[ohajoː gozaimaꜜsɨ]	good morning

Supplementary drills

Vowel combinations

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
洗います	あらいま＼す	aráimàsu	[aɾaimaꜜsɨ̥]	wash (distal-style)
洗う	あらう￣	arau	[aɾaɯᵝ]	wash (direct-style)
洗おう	あらお＼う	aráòo	[aɾaoꜜː]	let's wash
日当たり	ひあたり￣	hiatari	[çiataɾʲi]	exposure to the sun
言う	ゆう￣	yuu	[jɯᵝː]	say
墨絵	すみえ￣	sumie	[sɨmʲie]	ink drawing
聞き置く	ききお＼く	kikíòku	[kʲi̥kʲioꜜkɯᵝ]	hear (and keep in mind)
不安	ふあん￣	huan̄	[ɸɯᵝãɴ]	uneasiness
拭いて	ふいて￣	huite	[ɸɯᵝite]	wiping
末広	すえひろ￣	suehiro	[sɨeçiɾo]	folding fan
不穏	ふおん￣	huon̄	[ɸɯᵝõɴ]	unrest
出足	であし￣	deasi	[deaɕi]	start
出入り	でいり￣	deiri	[deiɾʲi]	going in and out
値打ち	ねうち￣	neuti	[neɯᵝt͡ɕi]	value
寝起き	ねおき￣	neoki	[neokʲi]	lying down and getting up
ドア	ド＼ア	dôa	[doꜜa]	door
広い	ひろ＼い	hirôi	[çiɾoꜜi]	is wide
思う	おも＼う	omôu	[omoꜜɯᵝ]	think
声	こ＼え	kôe	[koꜜe]	voice

Short and long vowels

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
伯母さん	おばさん￣	obasan̄	[obasãɴ]	aunt
お祖母さん	おば＼あさん	obâasan̄	[obaꜜːsãɴ]	grandmother
来て	きて＼	kitê	[kʲi̥teꜜ]	coming
聴いて	きいて￣	kiite	[kʲiːte]	listening
切れ	きれ＼	kirê	[kʲiɾeꜜ]	cloth
綺麗	き＼れい	kîree	[kʲiꜜɾeː]	pretty
婿	む＼こ	mûko	[mɯᵝꜜko]	bridegroom
向こう	むこう￣	mukoo	[mɯᵝkoː]	beyond
歯	は＼	hâ	[haꜜ]	tooth
はあ	は＼あ	hâa	[haꜜː]	yes
苦労	く＼ろう	kûroo	[kɯᵝꜜɾoː]	trouble
空路	く＼うろ	kûuro	[kɯᵝꜜːɾo]	air route
？	せき゚ょう￣	seḡyoo	[seŋʲoː]	management
制御	せいき゚ょ￣	seeḡyo	[seꜜːŋʲo]	control
鳥	とり￣	tori	[toɾʲi]	bird
とおり	とおり＼	toórì	[toːɾʲiꜜ]	avenue
伯父さん	おじさん￣	ozisan̄	[oʑisãɴ]	uncle
お祖父さん	おじ＼いさん	ozîisan	[oʑiꜜːsãɴ]	grandfather
敷設	ふせつ￣	husetu	[ɸɯ̥ᵝset͡sɨ]	construction
風説	ふうせつ￣	huusetu	[ɸɯᵝːset͡sɨ]	rumor
取って	と＼って	tôtte	[toꜜtte]	taking
通って	と＼おって	tôotte	[toꜜːtte]	going through
沖	おき￣	oki	[okʲi]	open sea
大きい	おおき＼い	oókìi	[oːkʲiꜜː]	is big

Short and long consonants

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
薪	まき￣	maki	[makʲi]	firewood
末期	ま＼っき	mâkki	[maꜜkkʲi]	the last years
粉	こな＼	konâ	[konaꜜ]	flour
こんな	こんな￣	konna	[kõn̄na]	this kind
町	まち＼	matî	[mat͡ɕiꜜ]	town
マッチ	マ＼ッチ	mâtti	[maꜜtt͡ɕi]	match
居て	いて￣	ite	[ite]	being
行って	いって￣	itte	[itte]	going
西	にし￣	nisi	[ɲiɕi]	west
日誌	に＼っし	nîssi	[ɲiꜜsɕi]	diary
スペイン	スペ＼イン	Supêin	[sɨ̥peꜜĩɴ]	Spain
酸っぱい	すっぱ＼い	suṕpài	[sɨ̥ppaꜜi]	is sour
正雄	まさお￣	Masao	[masao]	(proper name)
真っ青	まっさ＼お	maśsào	[massaꜜo]	deep blue
この帽子	この￣　ぼうし￣	kono boosi	[kono boːɕi]	this hat
紺の帽子	こ＼んの　ぼうし￣	kôn̄ no boosi	[kõꜜnno boːɕi]	navy-blue hat

/su, tu/ contrast

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
増す	ます￣	masu	[masɨ]	increase
待つ	ま＼つ	mâtu	[maꜜt͡sɨ]	wait
隅	す＼み	sûmi	[sɨꜜmʲi]	corner
罪	つ＼み	tûmi	[t͡sɨꜜmʲi]	crime
掏摸	す＼り	sûri	[sɨꜜɾʲi]	pickpocket
釣り	つり￣	turi	[t͡sɨɾʲi]	fishing
過ぎ	すき゚＼	suḡî	[sɨŋʲiꜜ]	past
次	つき゚＼	tuḡî	[t͡sɨŋʲiꜜ]	next
好き	すき＼	sukî	[sɨ̥kʲiꜜ]	liking
月	つき＼	tukî	[t͡sɨ̥kʲiꜜ]	moon
進む	すすむ￣	susumu	[sɨ̥sɨmɯᵝ]	advance
包む	つつ＼む	tutûmu	[t͡sɨ̥t͡sɨꜜmɯᵝ]	wrap

/d-, r-/ contrast

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
如何	ど＼う	dôo	[doꜜː]	how?
牢	ろ＼う	rôo	[ɾoꜜː]	prison
暖房	だんぼう￣	dan̄boo	[dãmboː]	heating
乱暴	らんぼう￣	ran̄boo	[ɾãmboː]	rough
程	ほど￣	hodo	[hodo]	extent
幌	ほ＼ろ	hôro	[hoꜜɾo]	hood
迄	ま＼で	mâde	[maꜜde]	until
稀	まれ＼	marê	[maɾeꜜ]	rare
無駄	むだ￣	muda	[mɯᵝda]	useless
村	むら￣	mura	[mɯᵝɾa]	village
袖	そで￣	sode	[sode]	sleeve
其れ	それ￣	sore	[soɾe]	that thing

/n-, ḡ-, n̄, n̄ḡ-/ contrast

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
蟹	かに￣	kani	[kaɲi]	crab
鍵	かき゚＼	kaḡî	[kaŋʲiꜜ]	key
？	か＼んい	kân̄i	[kãꜜɴ.i]	severe cold
漢妓	か＼んき゚	kân̄ḡi	[kãꜜŋŋʲi]	Korean singing girl
可燃	かねん￣	kanen̄	[kanẽɴ]	a combustible
加減	かけ゚ん￣	kaḡen̄	[kaŋẽɴ]	moderation
肝炎	か＼んえん	kân̄en̄	[kãꜜɴ.ẽɴ]	hepatitis
還元	かんけ゚ん￣	kan̄ḡen̄	[kãŋŋẽɴ]	restoration
左に	さ＼に	sâni	[saꜜɲi]	in what follows
詐欺	さ＼き゚	sâḡi	[saꜜŋʲi]	fraud
賛意	さんい￣	san̄i	[sãɴ.i]	approval
参議	さ＼んき゚	sân̄ḡi	[sãꜜŋŋʲi]	participation in goverment

Even-rhythm practice

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
あ	あ￣	a	[a]	oh!
あれ	あれ￣	are	[aɾe]	that one
あそこ	あそこ￣	asoko	[asoko]	there
時々	ときどき￣	tokidoki	[tokʲidokʲi]	sometimes
あの魚	あの￣　さかな￣	ano sakana	[ano sakana]	that fish
あの友達	あの￣　ともだち￣	ano tomodati	[ano tomodat͡ɕi]	that friend
あの友達だ	あの￣　ともだち￣　だ＼	anó tomodati dà	[ano tomodat͡ɕi daꜜ]	it's that friend
あそこの友達	あそこの￣　ともだち￣	asoko no tomodati	[asokono tomodat͡ɕi]	a friend from that place
アメリカの友達	アメリカの￣　ともだち￣	Amerika no tomodati	[ameɾʲkano tomodat͡ɕi]	an American friend
アメリカの友達だ	アメリカの￣　ともだち￣　だ＼	Amérika no tomodati dà	[ameɾʲkano tomodat͡ɕi daꜜ]	it's an American friend

Accent contrasts

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
今です。	い＼ま　です￣。	Îma desu.	[iꜜma desɨ̥]	It's now.
居間です。	いま＼　です￣。	Imâ desu.	[imaꜜ desɨ̥]	It's a living room.
毎日です。	ま＼いにち　です￣。	Mâiniti desu.	[maꜜiɲit͡ɕi desɨ̥]	It's every day.
毎日です。	まいにち￣　で＼す。	Maíniti dèsu.	[maiɲit͡ɕi deꜜsɨ̥]	It's the Mainichi (a newspaper).
読んでください。	よ＼んで　ください￣。	Yôn̄de kudasai.	[jõꜜnde kɯᵝdasai]	Please read [it].
呼んでください。	よんで￣　くださ＼い。	Yon̄́de kudasài.	[jõnde kɯᵝdasaꜜi]	Please call [him].
梅雨です。	つゆ￣　で＼す。	Tuyú dèsu.	[t͡sɨjɯᵝ deꜜsɨ̥]	It's the rainy season.
汁です。	つ＼ゆ　です￣。	Tûyu desu.	[t͡sɨꜜjɯᵝ desɨ̥]	It's broth.
熱くします。	あ＼つく　します￣。	Âtuku simasu.	[aꜜt͡sɨ̥kɯᵝ ɕimasɨ̥]	I'll make it hot.
厚くします。	あつく￣　しま＼す。	Atúku simàsu.	[at͡sɨ̥kɯᵝ ɕimaꜜsɨ̥]	I'll make it thick.
それを切るから……	それを￣　き＼るから……	Soré o kìru kara...	[soɾeo kʲiꜜɾɯᵝkaɾa]	Since I'm going to cut it...
それを着るから……	それを￣　きる＼から……	Soré o kirù kara...	[soɾeo kʲiɾɯᵝꜜkaɾa]	Since I'm going to wear it...
箸です。	は＼し　です￣。	Hâsi desu.	[haꜜɕi desɨ̥]	They're chopsticks.
端です。	はし￣　で＼す。	Hasí dèsu.	[haɕi deꜜsɨ̥]	It's the edge.
橋です。	はし＼　です￣。	Hasî desu.	[haɕiꜜ desɨ̥]	It's a bridge.

Intonation contrasts

Kanji	Kana	JSL	IPA	Gloss
出来る。	でき＼る。	Dekîru.	[dekʲiꜜɾɯᵝ]	It's possible.
出来る？	でき＼る？	Dekîru?	[dekʲiꜜɾɯᵝ]	Is it possible?
そうでしょう。	そ＼う　でしょう￣。	Sôo desyoo.	[soꜜː deɕoː]	That's probably so.
そうでしょう？	そ＼う　でしょう￣？	Sôo desyoo?	[soꜜː deɕoː]	That's so, isn't it?
それ。	それ￣。	Sore.	[soɾe]	That one.
それ？	それ￣？	Sore?	[soɾe]	That one?
忙しい。	いそか゚し＼い。	Isóḡasìi.	[isoŋaɕiꜜː]	I'm busy.
忙しい？	いそか゚し＼い？	Isóḡasìi?	[isoŋaɕiꜜː]	Are you busy?
そうですか。	そ＼う　ですか￣。	Sôo desu ka.	[soꜜː desɨ̥ka]	Oh.
そうですか？	そ＼う　ですか￣✓	Sôo desu ka✓	[soꜜː desɨ̥ka]	Oh?
違いますよ。	ちか゚いま＼すよ。	Tiḡáimàsu yo.	[t͡ɕiŋaimaꜜsɨjo]	They're different.
違いますよ✓	ちか゚いま＼すよ✓	Tiḡáimàsu yo✓	[t͡ɕiŋaimaꜜsɨjo]	They're different✓
終わりましたよ。	おわりま＼したよ。	Owárimàsita yo.	[oβaɾʲimaꜜɕi̥tajo]	I've finished.
終わりましたよ✓	おわりま＼したよ✓	Owárimàsita yo✓	[oβaɾʲimaꜜɕi̥tajo]	I've finished✓
行きますか✓	いきま＼すか✓	Ikímàsu ka✓	[ikʲimaꜜsɨ̥ka]	Are you going?
行きますか゚……	いきま＼すか゚……	Ikímàsu ḡa...	[ikʲimaꜜsɨŋa]	I'm going, but...
同じですよ。	おなじ￣　で＼すよ。	Onázi dèsu yo.	[onaʑi deꜜsɨjo]	They're the same.
同じですか゚……	おなじ￣　で＼すか゚……	Onázi dèsu ḡa...	[onaʑi deꜜsɨŋa]	They're the same, but...